Method for the preparation of metal carbene complexes

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a process for preparing a metal carbene complex of formula (I): wherein M is a transition metal atom selected from the group consisting of ruthenium, rhodium, iron, cobalt, osmium and iridium; L denotes neutral donor ligands ligated to said metal, such groups being the same or different; X is an anionic ligand; R1 and R2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C20 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted vinyl, a is 2 or 3 and b is 1 or 2, such process comprising reacting a sulfur ylide of the formula Ar 2 S═CR 1 R 2  or its precursor with an appropriate metal complex comprising a transition metal atom selected from the group consisting of ruthenium, rhodium, iron, cobalt, osmium and iridium, said metal complex being also in dimeric form, at a temperature between +80° C. and −80° C., in an inert solvent and under inert atmosphere.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a general method for preparing metal carbene complexes. These complexes may be used, inter alia, to catalyze olefin metathesis reactions, olefin ring opening metathesis polymerization reactions, alkyne metathesis or diolefin cyclization.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Alkylidene ligands, such as CH₂, CHR, or CR₂, form M═C double bonds and their metal compounds are often called metal carbene complexes. The chemistry of late-transition-metal (i.e. groups VIII, IX and X of the periodic table) carbene complexes has recently received much attention, primarily due to the high catalytic activity of phosphine ruthenium carbene complexes in olefin metathesis. The most useful ruthenium carbene in these series is Grubbs' catalyst, (PCy₃)₂Cl₂Ru═CHPh, bearing a benzylidene unit (Schwab P. et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2039; Schwab P. et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 100, U.S. Pat. No. 5,831,108). Being highly active and remarkably tolerant to common functional groups, this compound found broad applications in both organic and polymer chemistry.

There are several synthetic approaches towards alkylidene complexes, with the ones utilizing the corresponding diazoalkane being the most popular and most general (Schwab P. et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 100). However, the instability of diazo compounds and the safety issues involved in handling them seriously limit this method. From safety considerations it is also difficult to use such diazo compounds in industry.

Another recent approach, involving the reaction of precursors to unstable Ru(0) complexes with alkyl dihalides ((a) Belderrain, T. R.; Grubbs, R. H. Organometallics 1997, 16, 4001. (b) Olivan, M.; Caulton, K. G. Inorg. Chem. 1999, 38, 566) is limited by the difficult synthesis of the unstable Ru(COD)(COT) precursor.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In view of the above, it is desired to provide a new method for the preparation of metal carbene complexes which is general, synthetically simple and safe.

Thus, the present invention describes a new method for the preparation of metal carbene complexes by using sulfur ylides as carbenoid precursors. Such ylides are extensively used in organic chemistry. The new synthetic route is synthetically simple and safe and can be applied to complexes of different metals and different ligands. Moreover, it can be used for the synthesis of new carbenes, which are difficult to obtain by known methods.

The metal carbene complexes are powerful catalysts in organic synthesis and may be used, inter alia, to catalyze olefin metathesis reactions, olefin ring opening metathesis polymerization reactions, alkyne metathesis, diolefin cyclization and olefin cyclopropanation.

According to a first of its aspects, the present invention provides a process for preparing a metal carbene complex of the formula (I)

wherein

-   -   M is a transition metal atom selected from the group consisting         of ruthenium, rhodium, iron, cobalt, osmium and iridium     -   L denotes neutral donor ligands ligated to said metal, such         groups being the same or different;     -   X is an anionic ligand;     -   R¹ and R² are each independently selected from the group         consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20         alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C20 alkenyl, substituted         or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted         heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted         or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted vinyl,     -   a is 2 or 3 and     -   b is 1 or 2,         such process comprising reacting a sulfur ylide of the formula         Ar₂S═CR¹R² or its precursor wherein each Ar is independently         selected from aryl, substituted aryl, and aryl or substituted         aryl bound to a polymeric unit, with an appropriate metal         complex comprising a transition metal atom selected from the         group consisting of ruthenium, rhodium, iron, cobalt, osmium and         iridium, at least two neutral ligands capable of forming donor         bonds with said metal and at least one further organic or         anionic inorganic group which form a complex with said metal,         said metal complex being also in dimeric form, at a temperature         between +80° C. and −80° C., preferably between +50° C. and −50°         C., in an inert solvent and under inert atmosphere, to give the         metal carbene complex of formula (I).

Examples of preferable metal complexes are shown in the following Scheme 1.

According to a preferred embodiment, in the above metal carbene of formula (I) M is ruthenium or osmium. In such case the metal carbene has the general formula:

including isomers thereof, wherein

-   -   L and L′ are independently selected from nucleophilic carbene,         phosphine, amine, imine, CO, sulfide, thiol, heteroaryl wherein         the heteroatom is either nitrogen or sulfur, or L and L′ are         bonded together to form a multidentate ligand;     -   X and X′ are independently selected from the group consisting of         halide, cyano, and carboxylate or one of X or X′ may also be an         anion selected from PF₆ ⁻, BF₄ ⁻, BPh₄ ⁻, ClO₄ ⁻, CF₃SO₃ ⁻,         alkyl and perfluoroalkyl sulfonate;     -   R¹ and R² are each independently selected from the group         consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20         alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C20 alkenyl, substituted         or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted         heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted         or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted vinyl.

The nucleophilic carbene has the following general formula:

wherein

-   -   Y and Y′ are independently selected from the group consisting of         hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or         unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl,         substituted or unsubstituted aryl, aralkyl, and each carbon of         the double bond may be optionally substituted.

Alternatively, the metal carbene has the general formula:

including isomers thereof, wherein

-   -   L and L′ are independently selected from nucleophilic carbene,         phosphine, amine, imine, thiol, sulfide, heteroaryl wherein the         heteroatom is either nitrogen or sulfur or L and L′ are bonded         together to form a bidentate ligand;     -   X and X′ are independently selected from the group consisting of         hydrogen, halide, cyano and carboxylate or one of X or X′ may         also be an anion selected from PF₆ ⁻, BF₄ ⁻, BPh₄ ⁻, ClO₄ ⁻,         CF₃SO₃ ⁻, alkyl and perfluoroalkyl sulfonate;     -   R¹ and R² are each independently selected from the group         consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20         alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C20 alkenyl, substituted         or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted         heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted         or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted vinyl.

The above nucleophilic carbene has the general formula:

wherein

-   -   Y and Y′ are independently selected from the group consisting of         hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or         unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl,         substituted or unsubstituted aryl, aralkyl, and each carbon of         the double bond may be optionally substituted.

According to another embodiment, in the above metal carbene of formula (I) M is rhodium or iridium. In such case the metal carbene has the general formula:

including isomers thereof, wherein

-   -   L and L′ are independently selected from nucleophilic carbene,         phosphine, amine, imine, CO, sulfide, thiol, heteroaryl wherein         the heteroatom is either nitrogen or sulfur or L and L′ are         bonded together to form a bidentate ligand;     -   X is selected from the group consisting of halide, cyano,         carboxylate, PF₆ ⁻, BF₄ ⁻, BPh₄ ⁻, ClO₄ ⁻; alkyl sulfonate or         when X is bonded to L and/or L′, then it may also be substituted         or unsubstituted alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted aryl;     -   R¹ and R² are each independently selected from the group         consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20         alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C20 alkenyl, substituted         or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted         heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted         or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted vinyl.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

According to a first of its aspects, the present invention provides a general method for the preparation of metal carbene complexes. The general pathway is presented in Scheme 2.

A specific example of the process of the present invention is shown in Scheme 3 below. According to this scheme, benzyldiphenylsulfonium tetrafluoroborate 1, the precursor of the corresponding ylide compound, is prepared by a one-pot reaction between diphenylsulfide and benzyl bromide in the presence of AgBF₄ (Franzen, V.; Schmidt, H. J.; Mertz, C. Ber., 1961, 94, 2942). Deprotonation of this sulfonium salt by base, results in the formation of the benzyl ylide 2, that readily reacts with the appropriate metal complex to give the metal carbene complex L_(a)X_(b)M═CHPh.

In another example, at least one of the phenyl groups in 1, bound to the sulfur, may be linked to an insoluble polymeric unit, for example polystyrene or a non-organic polymer such as silica. In such cases after the reaction is complete, the diphenyl sulfide linked to the insoluble polymer unit is separated by filtration from the metal carbene complex L_(a)X_(b)M═CHPh and re-used.

More specifically, when the sulfonium salt 1 is reacted with 1 equiv. of KN(SiMe₃)₂ at −30° C. in toluene, immediate formation of a yellow solution and precipitation of KBF₄ takes place (Scheme 4). After filtration of KBF₄, the formed sulfur ylide 2 is reacted with a complex 3a or 3b under a nitrogen atmosphere and at −30° C. resulting in clean conversion to the Rh-benzylidene complex 4a or 4b, respectively. The Rh(I) benzylidene complexes are not stable at room temperature and were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy at −40° C. The carbene protons in the ¹H NMR spectrum are characterized by low-field signals (e.g. between 17 and 20 ppm), due to coupling with the Rh center. The carbenoid carbons also give rise to extremely low field signals in ¹³C NMR spectrum, between 270 and 350 ppm.

(In the Scheme above, ^(i)Pr denotes an isopropyl radical; ^(t)Bu denotes a tert-butyl radical)

The above compounds of formulae 3a, 3b, 4a and 4b are new and present a further aspect of the invention.

Stable, well-known metal carbenes can also easily and cleanly be prepared by the sulfur ylide approach described in the present invention. An example is the preparation of the synthetically very useful Grubbs' catalyst, (PCy₃)₂Cl₂Ru═CHPh (5) (Cy denotes a cyclohexyl radical). The reaction of (PPh₃)₃RuCl₂ in CH₂Cl₂ with the freshly prepared sulfur ylide 2 in THF at −30° C. and concomitant substitution of the PPh₃ ligands by tricyclohexylphosphine at room temperature results, after the workup, in the Ru-benzylidene complex 5 in 98% yield (Scheme 5).

The process of the present invention is not limited to rhodium and ruthenium carbenes, see for example Werner's hydrido-osmium carbene 6 (Werner H. et al., Organometallics, 1997, 16, 2236) shown in Scheme 5. According to this scheme, ylide 2 is added to the osmium complex [OsHCl(CO)(P^(i)Pr₃)₂] (Esteruelas, M. A.; Werner, H. J. Organomet. Chem. 1986, 303, 22)1 in toluene at −30° C., resulting in an immediate color change to orange. Stirring for additional 30 min. at room temperature and workup results in quantitative formation of the benzylidene complex 6, as evident from its spectroscopic data compared to the literature.

The process of the present invention can be applied also to the synthesis of unknown carbenes, which are difficult to obtain by methods known in the art. For example, the carbene complexes trans-[RhCl(═CRR′)(P^(i)Pr₃)₂] have been prepared in the literature by an indirect route with the aid of SbR₃ ligands, which were subsequently substituted by the bulky triisopropylphosphine ligands. However, attempts to prepare similar monosubstituted carbene trans-[RhCl(═CHPh)(P^(i)Pr₃)₂] by use of phenyldiazomethane didn't lead to the desired results. Remarkably, this complex may be synthesized by the new process of the invention and without the aid of stibine ligands (see Scheme 6).

Thus, the monosubstituted carbene trans-[RhCl(═CHPh)(P^(i)Pr₃)₂] is prepared as follows: bis-(triisopropylphosphine)rhodium chloride dimer 7 reacts with one equiv. of the sulfur ylide 2 at −30° C. in toluene, followed by selective formation of the Rh benzylidene complex 8 (Scheme 6).

Compound 8 is moderately stable and decomposes at room temperature within 3-4 days.

The present invention is now described by the following non-limiting examples.

EXAMPLES

All experiments below were performed under an inert nitrogen atmosphere.

Example 1 Reaction of 3a with Ph₂SCHPh. Formation of Complex 4a

A toluene solution (3 ml) of KN(SiMe₃)₂ (27 mg, 0.133 mmol) was added dropwise to a stirred suspension of [Ph₂SCH₂Ph]BF₄ (48 mg, 0.132 mmol) in 2 ml of toluene at −30° C. The resulting yellow solution was filtered into a toluene solution of 3 (60 mg, 0.132 mmol) precooled to −30° C. A color change from brown to dark green-brown took place upon warming up of the mixture to room temperature. ³¹P{¹H} NMR revealed formation of complex 4a in almost quantitative yield. Complex 4a is stable at temperatures below −30° C. and was spectroscopically characterized at −40° C.

Characterization of 4a

(toluene-d₈) ³¹P{¹H} NMR 71.90 (d, ¹J_(RhP)=165.0 Hz). ¹H NMR 19.75 (d, ²J_(RhH)=2.7 Hz, 1H, Rh═CHPh), 8.18 (d, J_(HH)=7.1 Hz, 2H, Ar—H), 7.32 (d, J_(HH)=8.1 Hz, 2H, Ar—H), 7.16 (m, 4H, Ar—H), 3.29 (vt, J_(HH)=4.2 Hz, 4H, Ar—CH ₂-P), 1.70 (m, 4H, CH(CH₃)₂), 0.91 (m, 24H, CH(CH₃)₂).

Selected ¹³C{¹H} NMR signals: 340.80 (m, Rh═CHPh), 182.60 (dt, J_(RhC)=19.4 Hz, J_(PC)=10.0 Hz, C_(ipso)).

Example 2 Reaction of 3b with Ph₂SCHPh. Formation of Complex 4b

To a stirred suspension of [Ph₂SCH₂Ph]BF₄ (48 mg, 0.132 mmol) in 2 ml of toluene was added a solution of KN(SiMe₃)₂ (27 mg, 0.133 mmol) in 3 ml of toluene at −30° C. The resulting yellow solution of 2 was filtered into a cold (−30° C.) toluene solution of 3b (63 mg, 0.132 mmol). The reaction mixture was warmed to the room temperature and an almost quantitative conversion to complex 4a was observed by ³¹P{¹H} NMR. Compound 4b was not stable at room temperature and was characterized at −40° C.

Characterization of 4b

(toluene-d₈) ³¹P{¹H} NMR 92.72 (d, ¹J_(RhP)=218.23 Hz). ¹H NMR: 17.21 (d, ²J_(RhH)=7.8 Hz, 1H, Rh═CHPh), 8.37 (d, J_(HH)=7.6 Hz, 2H, Ar—H), 7.75 (m, 1H, Ar—H), 7.53 (d, 1H, J=7.3 Hz Ar—H), 7.12 (m, 1H, Ar—H), 6.63 (bs, 1H, Ar—H) 3.99 (s, 2H, Ar—CH₂—N), 3.63 (bd, 2H, J_(PH)=8.4 Hz, Ar—CH₂—P), 3.03 (m, 2H, N—CH₂—CH₃), 2.92 (m, 2H, N—CH₂—CH₃), 2.84 (m, 6H, N—CH₂—CH₃), 2.39 (s, 3H, Ar—CH₃), 2.19 (s, 3H, Ar—CH₃), 1.23 (d, 18H, J_(PH)=12.6 Hz, C(CH₃)₃).

Selected ¹³C{¹H} NMR signals: 283.51 (m, Rh═CHPh), 186.15 (dd, J_(RhC)=18.6 Hz, J_(PC)=9.4 Hz, C_(ipso)), 32.41 (d, J_(PC)=16.3 Hz, P—C(CH₃)₃).

Example 3 Preparation of 5

[Ph₂SCH₂Ph]BF₄ (53 mg, 0.146 mmole) was dissolved in THF (3 ml) and cooled to −30° C. A solution of KN(SiMe₃)₂ (35 mg, 0.146 mmole) in THF (1 ml) was added, resulting in a rapid change of color to yellow. The yellow solution was added, at −30° C., to a solution of Ru(PPh₃)₃Cl₂ (138 mg, 0.144 mmole) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 ml). The mixture was kept at −30° C. for an additional 30 min. A solution of tricyclohexylphosphine (88 mg, 0.310 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 ml) was then added and the mixture was warmed up to room temperature and stirred for 2 hrs. The solvent was removed under vacuum and the residue was washed with methanol (3×10 ml) to remove the residual phosphine, sulfide and silyl by products. The remaining solid was dried under high vacuum to give the clean Grubss' carbene 5 (130 mg, 0.141 mmol) in 98% yield as evident from its spectral data compared to the literature.

Example 4 Preparation of 6

A toluene solution (3 ml) of KN(SiMe₃)₂ (27 mg, 0.133 mmol) was added dropwise to a suspension of [Ph₂SCH₂Ph]BF₄ (48 mg, 0.132 mmol) in 2 ml of toluene at −30° C. The resulting yellow solution was filtered into a cold (−30° C.) toluene solution of [OsHCl(CO)(P^(i)Pr₃)₂] (75 mg, 0.132 mmol). After the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min., the solvent and volatile products were removed under high vacuum. The product was extracted from dry residue with ether (3×4 ml) and solvent was evaporated resulting in compound 6 as an orange solid.

Example 5 Preparation of 8

Complex 8 was prepared analogously to complexes 4, using 30 mg (0.033 mmol) of dimer 7, 24 mg (0.066 mmol) of [Ph₂SCH₂Ph]BF₄ and 14 mg (0.066 mmol) of KN(SiMe₃)₂.

Characterization of 8 (toluene-d₈) ³¹P{¹H} NMR 32.10 (d, ¹J_(RhP)=167.4 Hz). ^(1 NMR:) 20.17 (dt, ²J_(RhH)=3.2 Hz, ³J_(PH)=6.1 Hz, 1H, Rh═CHPh), 8.12 (d, J_(HH)=7.2 Hz, 1H, Ar—H), 7.30-6.92 (m, 4H, Ar—H), 2.21 (m, 6H, CH(CH₃)₂), 1.83 (m, 36H, CH(CH₃)₂). ¹³C NMR: 317.86 (m, Rh═CHPh), 25.53 (vt, CH(CH₃)₂), 20.34 (s, CH(CH₃)₂).

Example 6 Preparation of (PCy₃)₂Cl₂Ru═CHCH═CH₂

(This complex was previously reported by Schwab, P.; Grubbs, R. H, Ziller, J. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 100)

(Ph₂S⁺CH₂CH═CH₂)BF₄ ⁻(10 mg, 0.032 mmol) was suspended in THF (3 ml) and cooled to −35° C. A solution of potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (7 mg, 0.035 mmol) in THF (2 ml) was added to the suspension of the sulfonium salt, followed by rapid color change to yellow. The yellow solution was filtered through cotton directly into a solution at −35° C., of tris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium dichloride (30 mg, 0.031 mmol) in THF (5 ml). A solution of tricyclohexylphosphine (18 mg, 0.064 mmol) in THF (2 ml) precooled to −35° C. was then added, and the mixture was kept for 2 h at −35° C. and then warmed to room temperature and kept at room temperature for 20 min. The solvent was removed under vacuum and the residue was extracted with pentane. The pentane extract was filtered and evaporated resulting in a red solid.

³¹P{¹H} NMR in C₆D₆ (singlet at 37.9 ppm) and ¹H NMR in C₆D₆ (doublet at 17.9 ppm, J=10.3 Hz) spectra of this solid indicated that the expected allyl carbene ruthenium complex was formed, in addition to impurities of PPh₃ and PCy₃. 

1. A process for preparing a metal carbene complex of the formula (i)

wherein M is a transition metal atom selected from the group consisting of ruthenium, rhodium, iron, cobalt, osmium and iridium; L denotes neutral electron donor ligands ligated to said metal, such groups being the same or different; X is an anionic ligand; R¹ and R² are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C20 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted of unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted vinyl, a is 2 or 3 and b is 1 or 2, such process comprising reacting a sulfur ylide of the formula Ar₂S═CR¹R² or its precursor, wherein each Ar is independently selected from aryl, substituted aryl, and aryl or substituted aryl bound to a polymeric unit, with an appropriate metal complex comprising a transition metal atom selected from the group consisting of ruthenium, rhodium, iron, cobalt, osmium and iridium, at least two neutral ligands capable of forming donor bonds with said metal and at least one further organic or inorganic anionic group which form a complex with said metal, including dimers of such metal complex, at a temperature between +80° C. and −80° C., in an inert solvent and under inert atmosphere, to give the metal carbene complex of formula (i).
 2. A process according to claim 1, carried out at a temperature between +50° C. and −50° C.
 3. A process according to claim 1, wherein said metal carbene of the formula (i) is prepared in a one pot reaction starting from a compound of formula Ar₂SCHR¹R², where Ar, R¹ and R² are as defined in claim 1, which is deprotonated under base conditions to form the ylide of the formula Ar₂S═CR¹R² which is then reacted according to claim
 1. 4. A process according to claim 1, wherein M is selected from ruthenium and osmium.
 5. A process according to claim 4, wherein said metal carbene has the formula:

including isomers thereof, wherein L and L′ are independently selected from nucleophilic carbene, phosphine, amine, imine, CO, sulfide, thiol, heteroaryl wherein the heteroatom is either nitrogen or sulfur, or L and L′ are bonded together to form a multidentate ligand; X and X′ are independently selected from the group consisting of halide, cyano, and carboxylate or one of X or X′ may also be an anion selected from PF₆ ⁻, BF₄ ⁻, BPh₄ ⁻, ClO₄ ⁻, CF₃SO₃ ⁻, alkyl sulfonate and perfluoroalkyl sulfonate; R¹ and R² are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C20 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted vinyl.
 6. A process according to claim 5 wherein said nucleophilic carbene has the formula;

wherein Y and Y′ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, aralkyl, and each carbon of the double bond may be optionally substituted.
 7. A process according to claim 4, wherein said metal carbene has the formula

including isomers thereof, wherein L and L′ are independently selected from nucleophilic carbene, phosphine, amine, imine, CO, sulfide, thiol, heteroaryl wherein the heteroatom is either nitrogen or sulfur or L and L′ are bonded together to form a bidentate ligand; X and X′ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halide, cyano and carboxylate or one of X or X′ may also be an anion selected from PF₆ ⁻, BF₄ ⁻, BPh₄ ⁻, ClO₄ ⁻, CF₃SO₃ ⁻, alkyl sulfonate and perfluoroalkyl sulfonate; R¹ and R² are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C20 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted vinyl.
 8. A process according to claim 1 wherein M is selected from rhodium and iridium.
 9. A process according to claim 8, wherein said metal carbene has the formula:

including isomers thereof, wherein L and L′ are independently selected from nucleophilic carbene, phosphine, amine, imine, CO, sulfide, thiol, heteroaryl wherein the heteroatom is either nitrogen or sulfur or L and L′ are bonded together to form a bidentate ligand; X is selected from the group consisting of halide, cyano, carboxylate, PF₆ ⁻, BF₄ ⁻, BPh₄ ⁻, ClO₄ ⁻, CF₃SO₃ ⁻, alkyl sulfonate and perfluoroalkyl sulfonate or when X is bonded to L and/or L′, then it may also be substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted aryl; R¹ and R² are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C20 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted vinyl.
 10. A process according to claim 9, wherein said nucleophilic carbene substituent is of the formula:

wherein Y and Y′ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, aralkyl, and each carbon of the double bond may be optionally substituted.
 11. A process according to claim 1 wherein said sulfur ylide has the formula Ph₂S═CR¹R² or its precursor and the transition metal atom in the metal complex is selected from the group consisting of ruthenium, rhodium, osmium and iridium.
 12. A process according to claim 1, wherein at least one Ar group in said sulfur ylide of the formula Ar₂S═CR¹R² is bound to polystyrene.
 13. A rhodium complex of the formula:

wherein R is alkyl or aryl, X is an amine moiety and Y and Y′ are independently selected from H or alkyl.
 14. A compound according to claim 13, wherein R is t-butyl, Y and Y′ are independently selected from H and alkyl and X is diethylamine. 